13. Roman to Integer

Question

Roman numerals are represented by seven different symbols: I, V, X, L, C, D and M.

Symbol       Value
I             1
V             5
X             10
L             50
C             100
D             500
M             1000

For example, 2 is written as II in Roman numeral, just two ones added together. 12 is written as XII, which is simply X + II. The number 27 is written as XXVII, which is XX + V + II.

Roman numerals are usually written largest to smallest from left to right. However, the numeral for four is not IIII. Instead, the number four is written as IV. Because the one is before the five we subtract it making four. The same principle applies to the number nine, which is written as IX. There are six instances where subtraction is used:

• I can be placed before V (5) and X (10) to make 4 and 9.
• X can be placed before L (50) and C (100) to make 40 and 90.
• C can be placed before D (500) and M (1000) to make 400 and 900.

Given a roman numeral, convert it to an integer.

Example 1:

Input: s = "III"
Output: 3
Explanation: III = 3.

Example 2:

Input: s = "LVIII"
Output: 58
Explanation: L = 50, V= 5, III = 3.

Example 3:

Input: s = "MCMXCIV"
Output: 1994
Explanation: M = 1000, CM = 900, XC = 90 and IV = 4.

Constraints:

• 1 <= s.length <= 15
• s contains only the characters ('I', 'V', 'X', 'L', 'C', 'D', 'M').
• It is guaranteed that s is a valid roman numeral in the range [1, 3999].

Approach

1. Put the mapping into a map for use ( better coed quality and easy to use);
2. Check each char and its previous one and do the calculation
3. Check if final char should be include according to the rules(if it's a 4/9/40.... With its previous code then this char should not be added)

Code

class Solution {
    public int romanToInt(String s) {
        Map<Character, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
        map.put('I', 1);
        map.put('V', 5);
        map.put('X', 10);
        map.put('L', 50);
        map.put('C', 100);
        map.put('D', 500);
        map.put('M', 1000);
        
        int sum = 0;
        int i = 0;
        
        for (; i < s.length() - 1; i++) {
            char ch = s.charAt(i);
            char next = s.charAt(i + 1);
            if ((ch == 'I' && (next == 'X' || next == 'V')) || (ch == 'X' && (next == 'L' || next == 'C')) || (ch == 'C' && (next == 'D' || next == 'M')))  {
                sum += (map.get(next) - map.get(ch));
                i++;
            } else {
                sum += map.get(ch);  
            }
        }
         
        return i == s.length() ? sum : sum + map.get(s.charAt(s.length() - 1));
    }
}