10k

设计模式之美-课程笔记40-状态模式

状态模式: 游戏、工作流引起中常用的状态机的实现

什么是有限状态机

  1. 三个组成部分:状态、事件、动作。
    1. 事件也称为转移条件
    2. 事件触发状态的转义及动作的执行。
  2. 举个例子:超级马里奥中,马里奥可以根据吃了不同的东西变成大的或者是其他状态的马里奥。
    1. 马里奥的形态就是我们这个定义中的状态;
    2. 吃蘑菇就是一个事件(触发了大马里奥的状态);
    3. 加减分数就是一个动作。
    4. img

状态机实现方式1: 分支逻辑法

就是参照状态转移图将每一个状态转移直译成代码。

这样的代码包含很多的if-else或者是Switch-case分支逻辑判断甚至是嵌套的分支逻辑。

public class MarioStateMachine {
  private int score;
  private State currentState;

  public MarioStateMachine() {
    this.score = 0;
    this.currentState = State.SMALL;
  }

  public void obtainMushRoom() {
    if (currentState.equals(State.SMALL)) {
      this.currentState = State.SUPER;
      this.score += 100;
    }
  }

  public void obtainCape() {
    if (currentState.equals(State.SMALL) || currentState.equals(State.SUPER) ) {
      this.currentState = State.CAPE;
      this.score += 200;
    }
  }

  public void obtainFireFlower() {
    if (currentState.equals(State.SMALL) || currentState.equals(State.SUPER) ) {
      this.currentState = State.FIRE;
      this.score += 300;
    }
  }

  public void meetMonster() {
    if (currentState.equals(State.SUPER)) {
      this.currentState = State.SMALL;
      this.score -= 100;
      return;
    }

    if (currentState.equals(State.CAPE)) {
      this.currentState = State.SMALL;
      this.score -= 200;
      return;
    }

    if (currentState.equals(State.FIRE)) {
      this.currentState = State.SMALL;
      this.score -= 300;
      return;
    }
  }

  public int getScore() {
    return this.score;
  }

  public State getCurrentState() {
    return this.currentState;
  }
}

对于简单的状态机这样还可以接受,逻辑还没那么复杂。

对于复杂的状态机,这种实现方式容易遗漏某个状态。另外大量的分支逻辑导致可读性和可维护性不好。

状态机实现方式2:查表法

几个维度

  1. 一维表示当前状态
  2. 二维表示事件
  3. 值表示经过事件后转移到的新状态及其执行的动作。

img

查表法更加清晰,可读性和可维护性更好。

维护在二维数组中,二维数组再放进配置文件,修改状态机都不需要修改代码。

public enum Event {
  GOT_MUSHROOM(0),
  GOT_CAPE(1),
  GOT_FIRE(2),
  MET_MONSTER(3);

  private int value;

  private Event(int value) {
    this.value = value;
  }

  public int getValue() {
    return this.value;
  }
}

public class MarioStateMachine {
  private int score;
  private State currentState;

  private static final State[][] transitionTable = {
          {SUPER, CAPE, FIRE, SMALL},
          {SUPER, CAPE, FIRE, SMALL},
          {CAPE, CAPE, CAPE, SMALL},
          {FIRE, FIRE, FIRE, SMALL}
  };

  private static final int[][] actionTable = {
          {+100, +200, +300, +0},
          {+0, +200, +300, -100},
          {+0, +0, +0, -200},
          {+0, +0, +0, -300}
  };

  public MarioStateMachine() {
    this.score = 0;
    this.currentState = State.SMALL;
  }

  public void obtainMushRoom() {
    executeEvent(Event.GOT_MUSHROOM);
  }

  public void obtainCape() {
    executeEvent(Event.GOT_CAPE);
  }

  public void obtainFireFlower() {
    executeEvent(Event.GOT_FIRE);
  }

  public void meetMonster() {
    executeEvent(Event.MET_MONSTER);
  }

  private void executeEvent(Event event) {
    int stateValue = currentState.getValue();
    int eventValue = event.getValue();
    this.currentState = transitionTable[stateValue][eventValue];
    this.score += actionTable[stateValue][eventValue];
  }

  public int getScore() {
    return this.score;
  }

  public State getCurrentState() {
    return this.currentState;
  }

}

状态机实现方式3:状态模式

  1. 查表法的局限:动作不是诸如加减分数那么简单而是复杂的逻辑操作,二维数组就不好定义和支持。
  2. 分支法没有查表法的权限但是有他自身的问题。
  3. 状态模式通过将时间处罚的状态转移和动作执行,拆分到不同类中,来避免分支判断。
public interface IMario { //所有状态类的接口
  State getName();
  //以下是定义的事件
  void obtainMushRoom();
  void obtainCape();
  void obtainFireFlower();
  void meetMonster();
}

public class SmallMario implements IMario {
  private MarioStateMachine stateMachine;

  public SmallMario(MarioStateMachine stateMachine) {
    this.stateMachine = stateMachine;
  }

  @Override
  public State getName() {
    return State.SMALL;
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainMushRoom() {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(new SuperMario(stateMachine));
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() + 100);
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainCape() {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(new CapeMario(stateMachine));
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() + 200);
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainFireFlower() {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(new FireMario(stateMachine));
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() + 300);
  }

  @Override
  public void meetMonster() {
    // do nothing...
  }
}

public class SuperMario implements IMario {
  private MarioStateMachine stateMachine;

  public SuperMario(MarioStateMachine stateMachine) {
    this.stateMachine = stateMachine;
  }

  @Override
  public State getName() {
    return State.SUPER;
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainMushRoom() {
    // do nothing...
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainCape() {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(new CapeMario(stateMachine));
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() + 200);
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainFireFlower() {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(new FireMario(stateMachine));
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() + 300);
  }

  @Override
  public void meetMonster() {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(new SmallMario(stateMachine));
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() - 100);
  }
}

// 省略CapeMario、FireMario类...

public class MarioStateMachine {
  private int score;
  private IMario currentState; // 不再使用枚举来表示状态

  public MarioStateMachine() {
    this.score = 0;
    this.currentState = new SmallMario(this);
  }

  public void obtainMushRoom() {
    this.currentState.obtainMushRoom();
  }

  public void obtainCape() {
    this.currentState.obtainCape();
  }

  public void obtainFireFlower() {
    this.currentState.obtainFireFlower();
  }

  public void meetMonster() {
    this.currentState.meetMonster();
  }

  public int getScore() {
    return this.score;
  }

  public State getCurrentState() {
    return this.currentState.getName();
  }

  public void setScore(int score) {
    this.score = score;
  }

  public void setCurrentState(IMario currentState) {
    this.currentState = currentState;
  }
}

MarioStateMachine 和各个状态类之间是双向依赖关系。MarioStateMachine 依赖各个状态类是理所当然的,但是,反过来,各个状态类为什么要依赖 MarioStateMachine 呢?这是因为,各个状态类需要更新 MarioStateMachine 中的两个变量,score 和 currentState。

上述代码可以通过单例模式优化:(因为状态类中不包含变量)

通过函数参数将 MarioStateMachine 传递进状态类可以实现状态机和状态类的相互依赖。

public interface IMario {
  State getName();
  void obtainMushRoom(MarioStateMachine stateMachine);
  void obtainCape(MarioStateMachine stateMachine);
  void obtainFireFlower(MarioStateMachine stateMachine);
  void meetMonster(MarioStateMachine stateMachine);
}

public class SmallMario implements IMario {
  private static final SmallMario instance = new SmallMario();
  private SmallMario() {}
  public static SmallMario getInstance() {
    return instance;
  }

  @Override
  public State getName() {
    return State.SMALL;
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainMushRoom(MarioStateMachine stateMachine) {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(SuperMario.getInstance());
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() + 100);
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainCape(MarioStateMachine stateMachine) {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(CapeMario.getInstance());
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() + 200);
  }

  @Override
  public void obtainFireFlower(MarioStateMachine stateMachine) {
    stateMachine.setCurrentState(FireMario.getInstance());
    stateMachine.setScore(stateMachine.getScore() + 300);
  }

  @Override
  public void meetMonster(MarioStateMachine stateMachine) {
    // do nothing...
  }
}

// 省略SuperMario、CapeMario、FireMario类...

public class MarioStateMachine {
  private int score;
  private IMario currentState;

  public MarioStateMachine() {
    this.score = 0;
    this.currentState = SmallMario.getInstance();
  }

  public void obtainMushRoom() {
    this.currentState.obtainMushRoom(this);
  }

  public void obtainCape() {
    this.currentState.obtainCape(this);
  }

  public void obtainFireFlower() {
    this.currentState.obtainFireFlower(this);
  }

  public void meetMonster() {
    this.currentState.meetMonster(this);
  }

  public int getScore() {
    return this.score;
  }

  public State getCurrentState() {
    return this.currentState.getName();
  }

  public void setScore(int score) {
    this.score = score;
  }

  public void setCurrentState(IMario currentState) {
    this.currentState = currentState;
  }
}

游戏推荐查表法因为状态多,操作简单。使用状态机模式会引入许多状态类;

电商下单、外卖下单这种类型的状态机业务逻辑操作比较复杂,状态转移比较简单,更推荐状态机模式。

Thoughts? Leave a comment